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2 4 1 Definition of Incidental Vocabulary Acquisition（第1页）

2.4.1definitionofincidentalvocabularyacquisition

itisgenerallyacceptedthataconsiderablepercentageofthel2vocabularyisacquiredincidentally，i.e.asa“by-product”ofreading（nagy，anderson，&hermann，1985;nation&coady，1988;nation，2001）.incidentalvocabularyacquisitionhasbeenidentifiedwitheitheracquisition（krashen，1981）orimplicitlearning（ellis，2008）.intheliterature，incidentalvocabularyacquisitionhasbeendefinedas“learningwithoutanintenttolearn，orasthelearningofonething，forexamplevocabulary，whenthestudent'sprimaryobjectiveistodosomethingelse”（laufer&hulstijn，2001，p.10），and“thelearningofnewwordsasaby-productofameaning-focusedcommunicativeactivity，suchasreading，listening，andinteraction，whichoccursthroughmultipleexposuretoawordindifferentcontexts”（huckin&coady，1999，p.185）.thisstudyusesthedefinitionofincidentalvocabularyacquisitiongivenbyellis（2008），i.e.，“learningofsomespecificfeaturethattakesplacewithoutanyconsciousintentiontolearnit”（p.966）.

itisnotdifficulttolistouttheadvantagesofincidentalvocabularyacquisitionoverdirectinstruction:（a）itispedagogicallyefficientbecauseitallowstwoactivities，suchasvocabularyacquisitionandreadinglistening，tooccuratthesametime，（b）itismoreindividualizedandlearner-basedbecausethevocabularybeingacquiredisdependentonthelearner'sownselectionoflearningmaterials，and（c）becauseincidentalvocabularyacquisitionusuallyoccursintheprocessofreading，vocabularyiscontextualized，whichgivesthelearnerarichersenseoftheword'suseandmeaningthanthatfromtraditionalexercises.

however，asforanexactdefinitionandcharacterizationoftheprocessesandmechanismsinvolvedinincidentalvocabularyacquisition，manyquestionsremainunanswered.averygeneralproblemwiththeoperationaldefinitionofincidentalvocabularyacquisitiongivenaboveisthatitseemstosuggestthatincidentallearningoccursunconsciously.asgass（1999）noted，however，definingincidentalvocabularyacquisitionasthe“side-effect”ofanotheractivityneglectstheactiveroleofthelearnerinthisprocess.thefactthatlearningoccursasaby-productofreadingdoesnotautomaticallyimplythatitdoesnotinvolveanyconsciousprocesses.theseemingequationof“incidental”with“unconscious”isalsocriticizedbyellis（1994a，p.38），whobelievedthatincidentalvocabularyacquisitionisnon-explicitinsofarasitdoesnotinvolveanexplicitlearningintention（theoverallgoalofthelearneristextcomprehension），butthatneithertheprocessnortheproductofsuchlearningisnecessarilyimplicitinthesenseofnon-conscious.

intypicalexperimentsinvestigatingincidentalvocabularylearning，learnersarerequiredtoperformataskinvolvingtheprocessingofsomeinformationwithoutbeingtoldthattheywillbeafterwardstestedontheirrecallofthatinformation.onemethodistoexposelearnerstotherelevantmaterialwithoutaninstructiontolearn，whichgenerallymeansthatlearnersmustperformsometaskthatleadsthemtoexperiencetheto-be-testedmaterialbutdoesnotleadthemtoexpectalaterretentiontest.forexample，learnersarerequiredtocompletealisteningtaskwithsomevocabularyitemsembeddedinthelisteningtext，andarelatertestedontherecallofthevocabularyitems，asinthestudyreportedinthisthesis.

anotherwayofinvestigatingincidentallearningistoasklearnerstolearnsomething，butnottheinformationtargetedforsubsequenttesting.forexample，learnersaretoldtolistentoatextandthenrecallthecontentsofit.however，theyarenottoldinadvancethattheywillbetestedafterwardsontheirrecalloftheunfamiliarwordsinthelisteningtext.

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